Published Papers

Transactions Papers

Forecasting Crypto Market Prices Using Stacked Bidirectional LSTM

Sangeetha Ganesan, Lalitha R, Anwar Basha H, Vijayakumar Varadarajan
Pages: 1-11Published: 24 Feb 2026
DOI: 10.33430/V32N1THIE-2024-0062
Cite thisHide

Sangeetha G, Lalitha R, Anwar Basha H, Vijayakumar V, Forecasting Crypto Market Prices Using Stacked Bidirectional LSTM, HKIE Transactions, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Regular Issue), Article THIE-2024-0062.R1, 2026, 10.33430/V32N1THIE-2024-0062

 Copy

Abstract:

The crypto market refers to the marketplace for cryptocurrencies, which are digital or virtual currencies that rely on cryptography to ensure security and prevent counterfeiting. This market has significantly influenced global financial systems, introducing decentralised finance and blockchain‑based transactions. By offering faster, more transparent, and borderless financial operations, it has revolutionised the traditional financial industry and challenged conventional banking and payment methods. Amid the rising geopolitical and economic challenges, global currency values have declined, stock markets have struggled, and investors have faced losses. This has renewed the interest in digital currencies. Due to the decentralised nature of cryptocurrency networks, predicting their prices is challenging, given their complexity, lack of central authority, and high market volatility. Our objective is to accurately forecast cryptocurrency price fluctuations to support profitable investments. This study employs Long Short‑Term Memory (LSTM) networks, a deep learning approach, to predict prices, focusing on Ethereum and Bitcoin using reliable historical data. Experimental results indicate that the projected model outstrips other algorithms in terms of mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), and overall accuracy. This model aims to help investors reduce the financial risks and make informed decisions.

Keywords:

Long Short‑Term Memory, cryptocurrency, Exponential Moving Average, Stacked Bidirectional LSTM

Reference List:

1. Patrick Jaquart, Sven Kopke and Christof Weinhard, “Machine learning for cryptocurrency market prediction and trading” in the Journal of Finance and Data Science Volume 8 published on Nov 2022.
2. Akila V, Nitin M.V.S., Prasanth I, Sandeep Reddy M. and Akash Kumar G, “A Cryptocurrency Price Prediction Model using Deep Learning” in the 4th International Conference on Design and Manufacturing Aspects for Sustainable Energy (ICMED‑ICMPC 2023) published on 05 June 2023.
3. Suhwan ji, Jongmin Kim and Hyeonseung Im, “A Comparative Study of Bitcoin PricePrediction Using Deep Learning” in MDPI PUBLICATION 25 Volume 7 issue 10 published on 12 Jul 2019.
4. Prajith Krishnan, Rashid K, Rigil Renji and Arun Kumar K, “Cryptocurrency Prediction Using Machine Learning” in IJERT ISSN꞉ 2278‑0181 Volume 11 published on 22 Jun 2023.
5. Franco Valencia, Alfonso Gomez‑Espinosa and Benjamin Valdes‑Aguirre, “Price Movement Prediction of Cryptocurrencies Using Sentiment Analysis and Machine Learning” in MDPI PUBLICATION volume 21 issue 6 published on 14 Jun 2019.
6. Zeinab Shahbazi and Yung‑Cheol Byun, “Improving the Cryptocurrency Price Prediction Performance Based on Reinforcement Learning” in IEEE volume 9 published on 8 December 2021.
7. Rashika Bangroo, Utsav Gupta, Roshan Sah and Anil Kumar, “Cryptocurrency Price Prediction using Machine Learning Algorithm” in IEEE 2022 10th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization published on 8 Dec 2022.
8. Mareena Fernandes; Saloni Khanna; Leandra Monteiro; Anu Thomas; Garima Tripathi “Bitcoin price prediction” in IEEE 2021 International Conference on Advance in computer science published on 8 Jun 2022.
9. Aleksandar Petrovic, Ivana Strumberger, Timea Bezdan and Hothefa Shaker, “Cryptocurrency Price Prediction by Using Hybrid Machine Learning and Beetle Antennae Search Approach” in IEEE 2021 29th Telecommunications Forum published on 29
Dec 2021.
10. Amir Ahamed S, Radha D, V. S. Kirthika Devi, "Forecasting Bitcoin Price Trends꞉ Integrated Machine Learning with Market Trends", 2025 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Data Communication Technologies and Internet of Things (IDCIoT), pp.1492‑1497, 2025.
11. Tiwari, D., Bhati, B. S., Nagpal, B., Al‑Rasheed, A., Getahun, M., & Soufiene, B. O. (2025). A swarmoptimization based fusion model of sentiment analysis for cryptocurrency price prediction. Scientific Reports, 1 5, Article 5067. https꞉//doi.org/10.1038/s41598‑025‑92563‑y
12. Schuster, M., & Paliwal, K. K. (1997). Bidirectional recurrent neural networks. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 45 (11), 2673–2681. https꞉//doi.org/10.1109/78.650093
13. Graves, A. (2013). Generating sequences with recurrent neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv꞉1308.0850. https꞉//arxiv.org/abs/1308.0850
>> more<< less